A somewhat related (or similar?) concept is complementary colors, which often comes up in user experience design: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_colors

So are people who are color blind unable to perceive one of these color axes?

My understanding was that color blindness occurs as a result of a shift in the medium and long wave length response functions in the associated cones towards each other, resulting in red and green being specifically harder to differentiate.